Rewi supported the plan, but the runanga decided they should stay and fight. The Ngāti Maniapoto then attacked a British redoubt overlooking Pokeno, from which they were driven off. The British forces pursued the Kingites to Rangiaowhia, where they looted the village and later built a redoubt. Grey used KÄ«ngitanga involvement in the fighting in Taranaki and rumours of an imminent Māori attack on Auckland to ensure the backing of his British masters. Soviet and British troops met for the first time not at Wismar in May 1945, as most people believe. As night fell, the British, dispirited by the scale of losses, slept on the wet ground, ready to renew the combat in the morning. [8], The Rangiriri line, engineered by Te Wharepu, a leading Waikato chief, was a one kilometre-long system of deep trenches and high parapets that ran between the Waikato River and Lake Waikare. Click the arrow (right) to see the phases of the war. [34] Ngati Maniapoto fighters and their allies remained determined to continue the war, but were divided over their strategy: whether to guard the hinterland with large defensive systems on the fringes, or to challenge the nearby occupying forces with a new pā. The defence system, which included two cannons, was manned by a force of between 1200 and 2000 men from a dozen major Waikato iwi.[34][35]. Carey, keen to surprise the Kingites, immediately began organising an expedition and at midnight the first of three separate columns, comprising members of the 40th, 65th and 18th Royal Irish Regiments, as well as Forest Rangers and Waikato Militia, set out for Ōrākau with two Armstrong six-pounders, arriving before daybreak. [2] Government troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa, but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks. Back at Ōrākau, meanwhile, soldiers stormed the pā as the garrison fled, bayoneting and shooting many of the wounded, including women and children. [38] Although he strongly opposed the plan, convinced it would result in their defeat, Rewi relented—possibly in return for the loyalty they had shown in crossing the North Island to join the fight for his territory[9]—and accompanied them back to Ōrākau, arriving about 28 March. Commercial re-use may be allowed on request. KÄ«ngitanga warriors fought in Taranaki in 1860–61, fuelling fears that the … The First Taranaki War had ended in March 1861 as an uneasy truce between the government and Māori forces, with both sides recognising they had reached a stalemate. [35][37], Cameron, meanwhile, was attracting sharp criticism from both the colonist press and Grey himself[34][37] about the lack of progress in the eight weeks since Ngāruawāhia's capture. New Zealand Wars Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa; Memorial in the Auckland War Memorial Museum for those who died, both European and Māori, in the New Zealand Wars. General Cameron justified the attack by claiming the tribes in Waikato acted as the main force behind … As a result of this settlement the Crown agreed to return as much land as possible to Waikato and to pay compensation, and said that it sought on behalf of all New Zealanders to atone for these acknowledged injustices, and to begin the process of healing and to enter a new age of co-operation with the Kingitanga and Waikato. War in the Waikato activities for NCEA 3 History Related links on NZHistory: War in Waikato … The plan was aborted when dawn broke and the fog lifted, removing their cover. The British occupied the Cape in 1795, ending the Dutch East India Company’s role in the region. [23][25], The bush raid was the beginning of a new Māori strategy that would drain Cameron's resources and halt his advance for another 14 weeks. [33], Construction of a new and even more formidable defence line began 25 km south of Ngāruawāhia, soon after the fall of Rangiriri. [57][58] Queen Elizabeth II affirmed the apology of the Crown by signing the Waikato Raupatu Claims Settlement Act 1995 in the presences of the head of the Kingitanga, Māori Queen Dame Te Atairangikaahu. [2] After attempting to achieve a peace settlement through "kingmaker" Wiremu Tamihana,[14][15] in mid-1861 he sent an ultimatum to the movement's leaders, demanding submission to Queen Victoria and the return of plunder taken from Taranaki; when it was rejected he began drawing up plans to invade the Waikato and depose the king—a plan opposed by both the Colonial Office and the New Zealand General Assembly. 44Tukaroto Matutaera PotatauTe Wherowhero TawhiaoThe wars of the 1860s in Taranakiand Waikato and the governmentssubsequent confiscation of Maori landsaw Tawhiao and his people renderedvirtually landless and forced to retreatas wandering refugees into theheartland of Ngati Maniapoto, nowknown as the King Country.As a result of the invasion of Waikatoby British forces in 1863 on thepretext that the Waikato … Though Grey claimed it was a defensive action, historian B. J. Dalton claimed his reports to London had been "a deliberate and transparent falsehood" and that the invasion was an act of "calculated aggression". On 31 October a river flotilla including Avon, the gunboats Curacoa and Pioneer and armoured barges steamed past Meremere—drawing fire from rifle pits and batteries of ships guns, some of them firing pieces of iron chain and pound weights—and landed 600 men at Takapau, 15 km upriver, ready to attack the heart of the defensive line from the rear. Two interpreters were sent to the head of the sap with a white flag and Major William Mair called out the offer in Māori, which was passed to Rewi, within the pā. Although there is no single answer to this question, the collapse of British imperial power can be traced “directly to the impact of World War Two”, the BBC says. Religion did play a part in these raids. [41][42], Soon after arriving, Cameron, impressed by the courage of the garrison, decided to give them the opportunity to surrender. It targeted the stronghold of the movement in the middle Waikato basin – one of the most populated and productive Māori districts in the country. When and why did the British first choose to invade India? In 1904, British fears about a threat to her largest and most valuable colony, India, spilled over into war with India’s neighbour. [25], In mid-August the British established an alternative supply line to the Great South Road, using a combination of steamers from Onehunga to the Waikato Heads and canoes paddled up the Waikato by friendly Māori to Queen's Redoubt at Pokeno. A party of Māori reinforcements appeared about 2 km to the east, but retreated, unable to break through the British lines. The bodies of the Māori were buried in mass graves in the trenches of Ōrākau (just to the north of the road opposite the existing memorial) and beside the nearby swamp to the south. In c. 2300 BCE Germanic-speaking peoples migrated to Scandinavia, bringing with them their religious beliefs in fierce gods who rewarded brave heroes in battle.. By the time of the 2nd-3rd centuries CE, the Norse god Odin had been elevated to a position of supremacy in the pantheon of Scandinavian religion, and … He says the Kingites, by abandoning the Paterangi line, managed to save their army which otherwise would have been destroyed in an all-out pitched battle; Cameron's decision to outflank the Paterangi line, meanwhile, was a "brilliant" strategy that forced his enemy out of one of its richest economic centres with minimal British losses, becoming the greatest British victory of the Waikato war.[34]. from more than half the major North Island tribal groups.[7]. It is the responsibility of the user of any material to obtain clearance from the copyright holder. [37] But a further advance into the heart of Kingitanga territory was delayed when the Avon—one of the most important components of the transport and supply system—accidentally sank in the Waipa on 8 February. The commissariat sourced much of its food from England and Australia and sent it along with other supplies up to 160 km into the interior via a combination of steamers, barges and pack horses. [41], The Māori saw Ōrākau as a defeat, but both Cameron and Grey were angered by the failure of the 40th Regiment to halt the Ōrākau breakout and kill Rewi, which deprived them of the crushing victory over the Kingites they desperately sought. The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions. With the Armstrong guns firing over their heads, the infantry, cavalry and Forest Rangers moved towards the defensive line before finally charging with bayonets, revolvers and sabres, driving out the Māori. On 2 September a British party of 62 men was fired on from the rear during a march on the village of Pokeno, but managed to pursue their attackers and inflict some casualties. Some of you offered a safe passage through your territories to armed parties contemplating such outrages ... Those who remain peaceably at their own villages in Waikato, or move into such districts as may be pointed out by the Government, will be protected in their persons, property, and land. 'Bloody Rangiriri' was the key battle in the Waikato invasion. Placing women and children in the middle of the group and their best warriors in front, the Māori broke through the earthworks at the south-east corner of the pā and ran downhill without opposition 200 metres towards a ridge to the south, behind which the some men of the 40th were sheltering. [2][13][23], Cameron, a Crimean War veteran who had replaced Major-General Thomas Pratt as commander-in-chief of the British troops,[24] began the invasion with fewer than 4000 effective troops in Auckland at his disposal. The title is wrong and misleading.This was a series of battles that was really a continuation of the Taranaki Campaign.It should be entitled "The Waikato Campaign".Dont forget that at least 4 Tainui chiefs had signed the Treaty of Waitangi, so the Government was entitled to feel that the Waikato area was part of NZ.You cant invade a piece of land that you already have as part of … Rangiriri Pā boasted steep ramparts, clever escape routes and fern-covered rifle pits. Reinforcements continued to arrive and within days he had 500 troops. [54] The Waitangi Tribunal in 1985 declared the Tainui people of the Waikato had never rebelled,[55] but had been forced into a defensive war.[56]. A LaRoche.1991.Kyodo.Singapore, Waikato Raupatu Claims Settlement Act 1995, "Queen’s Royal Assent Returns Maori Land", "Choosing peace or war: the 1863 invasion of Waikato", "The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1864", Siege of Orakau, Te Ara Online Encyclopedia, "Commemoration plans under way to mark watershed Waikato battle", Report of the Sims Royal Commission into Confiscated Native Lands and Other Grievances, Page 15, Report of the Sims Royal Commission into Confiscated Native Lands and Other Grievances, Page 16, Report of the Sims Royal Commission into Confiscated Native Lands and Other Grievances, Page 17, "Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Manukau Claim", Deed of Settlement between the Queen and Waikato-Tainui, 17 December 2009, Waikato Raupatu Claims Settlements Act 1995, Parliamentary Counsel Office, NZ Legislation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_the_Waikato&oldid=1001057295, All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2021, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, British victory. The devastating wars of the British nations, which had seen Edward I invade Wales and then Scotland in the 13th century, left Ireland largely unaffected. of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori. [4] Two days later Grey issued a proclamation directed to the "Chiefs of Waikato", which read: Europeans living quietly on their own lands in Waikato have been driven away; their property has been plundered; their wives and children have been taken from them. The lack of a clear victory by imperial forces led Governor Thomas Gore Browne to turn his attention to the Waikato, the centre of the Kingite movement, where king Tāwhiaowas attracting the allegiance of increasing numbers of Māori across the North Island. The two cannons were set up on a small plateau 350m to the west and about the same height above the pā. Ngati Maniapoto chief Winitana Tupotahi suggested at a runanga, or council of chiefs, that they abandon the pā, but Rewi rejected the proposal. View Notes - war-in-waikato-activities.doc from ECONOMICS 106 at Oxford University. The British claimed they killed 12 Māori, including two chiefs, and took 30 prisoners. Probably an equal number of injured were evacuated by canoe across Lake Waikare. With ammunition now running very short, the Kingites—so parched they could not swallow their remaining food—began firing peach stones, 5 cm-long sections of apple tree branches and pieces of metal. Julius Ceasar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC in conquest attempts. There are many reasons as to why the Romans wanted to invade Britain. The New Zealand Settlements Act was passed in December 1863 and in 1865 Governor Grey confiscated more than 480,000 hectares of land from the Waikato–Tainui iwi (tribe) in the Waikato as punishment for their earlier "rebellion". [38] The total force for the mission was 1120 men. Their own losses totaled five, including several officers. [52][53] The 1927 Royal Commission on Confiscated Land, chaired by senior supreme court judge Sir William Sim, concluded that although the government restored a quarter of the 1,202,172 acres (486,500 hectares) originally seized and paid almost £23,000 compensation, the Waikato confiscations had been "excessive". King Tāwhiao and his people were forced to retreat into the heartland of Ngāti Maniapoto. [48], Ōrākau was the last major battle of Cameron's Waikato campaign. The formal protectorate over Egypt did not long outlast the war. [4] On 12 July Duncan Cameron and the first echelon of the invading army crossed the Mangatawhiri Stream. The invasion of Waikato in 1863–64 by British and colonial forces aimed to destroy the aspirations of the Māori King movement to autonomy and self-determination. The flotilla returned downstream, intending to bring up another 600 men the next day for the attack, but the plan was dropped when the Māori force evacuated the Meremere fortifications the following day and escaped eastwards across flooded lagoons by canoe,[23][30] falling back to their next defensive system at Rangiriri. Because of their comparative lack of men and supplies, the KÄ«ngitanga strategy was to construct defensive lines to obstruct the British advance, an approach that had been effective in Taranaki in 1860–61. The so-called Great South Road would provide quick access to troops in the event of an invasion. The Kingites held their fire until the attackers were within 50 metres, then fired in two volleys, halting the advance. Events in early 1863 brought tensions to a head. Rewi Maniapoto, with the other main division, moved south into the Hangitiki Valley to defend Ngati Maniapoto bases. The KÄ«ngitanga had been formally established in 1858. [8] The 183 prisoners were held without trial on an old coal hulk in Waitematā Harbour before being moved to Kawau Island, north of Auckland, but in September 1864 they escaped and eventually made their way back to the Waikato. Here, Riaz Dean, author of the recently published book ‘Mapping the Great Game’ explains why and how it happened. The battle cost both sides more than any other engagement of the land wars and also resulted in the capture of 180 Māori combatants, which impacted on their subsequent ability to oppose the far bigger British force. It involved over 12,000 British and Colonial forces against Maori forces unlikely to have numbered more than 2000 at any one time. The force marched through rough bush in silence and complete darkness, passing within 1500 metres of the Paterangi pā without detection and arriving in Te Awamutu at dawn. Members of the 12th and 14th regiments who tried to climb the earthworks near the centre of the line with the aid of ladders were shot down and within a short time 40 of the British were dead or wounded. But Māori were still opposed to the British demands of submitting to the Queen and surrendering all arms and lands and began building further defences south of Ngāruawāhia. In late January Cameron moved his army headquarters to Te Rore, about 5 km from Paterangi, with an advance camp for 600 men positioned just 1.2 km from the pā, from where they judged the defences were "immensely strong". They were shooting across the front of the 40th Regiment who were situated 250 m south of the pā behind a small hill.[40]. One of the Armstrong guns was moved to the head of the sap and fired at the outwork of the pā about 30 metres away, breaching the wall. Others of you have since expressed approval of these murders ... You are now assembling in armed bands; you are constantly threatening to come down the river to ravage the Settlement of Auckland and to murder peaceable settlers. [9][38], Another runanga was held before dawn on 2 April and again Tupotahi urged them to break out. In a report to the War Office H. Stanley-Jones, the commissary-general, described the Transport Corps as "the foundation of the whole service". On 25 August a party of Māori snatched up the rifles and ammunition from a group of 25 soldiers who were timber-felling beside the Great South Road—part of an effort to destroy cover for Māori raiders intent on mounting further ambushes—and killed two soldiers. Finally, on the night of 20 February, he set out on the narrow bush track to bypass Paterangi with 1230 men led by one of his guides and the Forest Rangers, leaving a large masking force in front of Paterangi. For Rewi, a skilled strategist and warrior, the major concerns about Ōrākau were that it had no immediate water supply and, sited on a low hill, overlooked by the nearby "California" ridge, 850m to the southwest, could also be easily encircled. Ngāti Maniapoto leader Rewi Maniapoto had been against building the pā at Rangiriri. [25] The attack on the supply line, said Belich, "was easily the most important single action of the first phase of the war".[23]. [26] When two more settlers were killed at isolated farms near Drury on 24 July, the government formed a special corps of bush fighters named the "Forest Rangers", who began a series of bush reconnaissance missions and pursuits of armed Māori bands. It threw open the river basin to imperial troops, but at a huge cost. [7][8] Several Waikato chiefs including Te Wharepu expressed a willingness to negotiate and on 8 December the Kingite capital at Ngāruawāhia was abandoned and then taken by Cameron's troops. in the British campaign for the control of the meaning of the Waikato.3 The British military invasion in 1863–64 was a brief, though important, part of the longer-lasting and further-reaching discursive invasion — the colonization of the Waikato did not begin and end with the military action. [9][44], The general site of the battle is today marked by a memorial on Arapuni Road, 4 km east of Kihikihi, with the road running through the middle of what were the defences. On 9 July 1863 Grey issued a new ultimatum, ordering that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the river. Hazard Press. The pā was defended by between 200 and 250 warriors—mainly Tuhoe and Ngati Raukawa—drawn from at least nine tribes, as well as about 50 women and children. It threw open the river basin to imperial troops, but at a huge cost. It was brought to an end when the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence on 28 February 1922. The Rangers began advancing through the village, exchanging fire with their foe, hidden in their homes. The First Taranaki War had ended in March 1861 as an uneasy truce between the government and Māori forces, with both sides recognising they had reached a stalemate. [35] Cameron, whose men continued to be targeted daily by sniper fire and attacks on short reconnaissance missions, decided that rather than a frontal attack, the more prudent approach would be to outflank the Paterangi line. Background to invasion. [13] This has since been dismissed by such historians as James Belich as being fear-mongering from Browne in order to try and gain military support. Shortly afterwards, Sultan Fuad I declared himself King of Egypt, but the British occupation continued, in accordance with several reserve clauses in the declaration of … Two more waves of attack were similarly repulsed, with several casualties, including officers. [45] The site of the pā is on private farmland and no traces of it are now visible. Browne concluded that members of the Kingite move… Māori viewed the reoccupation as an act of war and on 4 May a party of about 40 Ngati Ruanui warriors carried out a revenge attack, ambushing a small military party on a coastal road at nearby Oakura, killing all but one of the 10 soldiers. 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