[36] The interior contains denser materials—by mass it is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements. Later, objects were found orbiting the Lagrangian points of Neptune, Mars, and Earth. Orbiting Jupiter Summary and Study Guide. [83] The oval object rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about six days. All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces. The spacecraft, which arrived at Jupiter in July 2016, is the first to study the planet's mysterious, cloud-shrouded interior. Parents need to know that Orbiting Jupiter is a heartrendingly tragic -- yet stubbornly hopeful -- novel by Newbery Honor-winning author Gary D. Schmidt (The Wednesday Wars).The teenage father faces judgmental treatment and rude comments in his new community, and he's targeted by a trio of bullies. Ulysses has no cameras so no images were taken. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. The Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System's history.[165]. This tidal flexing heats the moons' interiors by friction. [d], In 1932, Rupert Wildt identified absorption bands of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons, "A dozen new moons of Jupiter discovered, including one "oddball, "Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons", "Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early Solar System", "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter", "How Many Moons Does Jupiter Have? Since 1973, a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the Pioneer 10 space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet. The zones are formed when rising convection cells form crystallizing ammonia that masks out these lower clouds from view. [183], In Vedic astrology, Hindu astrologers named the planet after Brihaspati, the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it "Guru", which literally means the "Heavy One". The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. [32] They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the ecliptic to define the constellations of their zodiac.[43][177]. A second flyby six years later was at a much greater distance. [7], The axial tilt of Jupiter is relatively small, only 3.13°, so its seasons are insignificant compared to Earth and Mars. The survey initially produced eight more candidate sites as potential impact observations that he and others had recorded between 1664 and 1839. Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfect. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). The feature was discovered by researchers at the Very Large Telescope in Chile, who then searched archived data from the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility between 1995 and 2000. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s. The terms aphelion and perihelion apply in the same way to the orbits of Jupiter and the other planets, the comets, and the asteroids of the Solar System. It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century. The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating the magnetosphere on Jupiter's lee side and extending it outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. "[180][181] As supreme god of the Roman pantheon, Jupiter was the god of thunder, lightning and storms, and appropriately called the god of light and sky. Names ending with "a" or "o" are used for prograde irregular satellites (the latter for highly inclined satellites), and names ending with "e" are used for retrograde irregulars. [127] Gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter, albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, and volcanoes were found on the moon's surface, some in the process of erupting. [163] There is also evidence of a rocky ring strung along Amalthea's orbit which may consist of collisional debris from that moon. The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. These findings were also the first discovery of celestial motion not apparently centered on Earth. Hot Jupiters are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are inferred to be physically similar to Jupiter but that have very short orbital periods (P < 10 days). The orbit of the material veers towards Jupiter and new material is added by additional impacts. [27] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the mid-20th century,[28] whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12). [47] For small changes in mass, the radius would not change appreciably, and above about 500 M⊕ (1.6 Jupiter masses)[47] the interior would become so much more compressed under the increased pressure that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. Much more recently, beginning in 1892, dozens of far smaller Jovian moons have been detected and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene and other hydrocarbons have also been found. [26] Although the team considers their characterised candidates to be likely moons of Jupiter, they all remain unconfirmed due to their insufficient observation data for determining reliable orbits for each of them. [7] Favorable oppositions occur when Jupiter is passing through perihelion, an event that occurs once per orbit. 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