doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180557, Editor: Ali Montazeri, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, Received: October 2, 2016; Accepted: June 16, 2017; Published: July 19, 2017. We thank Ms Hau Nguyen, all staff and students at the Jean Hailes Research Unit for their contribution to the design of the project. Correlation coefficients between four factor scores of the depression, anxiety and stress scale Vietnamese validated version and ten domain scores of the Vietnamese validated adolescent version of the Duke Health Profile. Data from 307 caregivers of children in an early intervention program were used. These items were loaded primarily on the common General Distress factor. The funders, however, did not have any role in study design, data collection, data analyses, interpretation of the results and decision to submit the paper for publication. In the figure below, we see four measures (each is an item on a scale) that all purport to reflect the construct of self esteem. The results are robust with a systematically recruited, large sample, participants representing students from three main types of high schools and institutions in Vietnam, a high response rate and a low level of incomplete data. Models with smaller AIC are said to have better fit than models with higher AIC [15]. 161-172. The Body Esteem Scale: A Convergent and Discriminant Validity Study. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods Volume 14|Issue 1 Article 11 5-1-2015 Convergent and Discriminant Validity with Formative Measurement: A Mediator Perspective Xuequn Wang Murdoch University, Perth, AUS, xuequnwang1600@gmail.com Brian F. French Washington State University, frenchb@wsu.edu However, the factor structure of the DASS-21 was not examined in this study. The same three-factor structure has been seen when the measure is used among diverse cultural and ethnic groups [12,13]. Convergent and discriminant validity of a naturalistic observational assessment of children's hand skills Chi-Wen Chien , Ted Brown, Rachael McDonald, Sylvia Rodger Research output : Journal article publication › Journal article › Academic research › peer-review For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. At first, we tested the original three-factor structure (3F-model 1), containing depression, anxiety and stress, as recorded among adult samples [6,15,18,19]. Socioeconomic status was determined using the World Bank’s assessment of the acquisition of 12 household items [29]. DOI: 10.1177/014662168801200409 Corpus ID: 33910093. Model fit indices for confirmatory factor analyses of DASS-21 among 1,387 high school students in Vietnam. We also found that a four-factor latent structure (4F model 7), representing general distress, depression, anxiety and stress factors, best fit the data among these students. Future studies on relationships between competencies must take into account the validity and reliability of the tools. Those whose parents completed the withdrawal forms were asked to put the blank questionnaire and the withdrawal form into the envelope and stay quietly in the classroom. Method An anonymous, self-completed questionnaire was conducted among 1,745 high school students in Hanoi, Vietnam between October, 2013 and January, 2014. Convergent validity was assessed through correlations of BASC-PRS scale scores with scale scores on the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 (CBCL/4-18; Achenbach, 1991b). This is consistent with the results from Szabo’s study among a sample of Australian adolescents [15]. Thach Duc Tran, Further examinations of the item loadings of the four-factor model show that the seven items of the DASS-21-D generally loaded well on this factor in addition to the common General Distress factor. Ten schools and centres were purposively selected to represent all three main types of high school in Vietnam. This study examined (1) the convergent validity of two ... (2011). Out of those who did not participate, 120 were absent on the survey day; seven students and two parents refused participation. The DASS-21 has also been shown to have strong concurrent validity with other measures of depression, anxiety and stress including the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait [14]. However, when we applied this model in our sample (3F-model 8) the model estimation procedure failed to converge. FIGURE 1 . As suggested by Szabó [15], these results show that the underlying common factor of General Distress may have explained the high correlations among the three subscales of the DASS-21 among adolescents [15]. h��YmO�8�+�����%v� Cronbach alphas and correlation coefficients between DASS-21 factor scores and the domain scores of the Duke Health Profile Adolescent Vietnamese validated version (ADHP-V) were calculated to assess DASS-21 internal consistency and convergent validity. Specifically, we tested models with one, two, three and four factors. Huong Thanh Nguyen, DASS-21 convergent validity was confirmed with moderate correlation coefficients (-0.47 to -0.66) between its factor scores and the ADHP-V mental health related domains. loading of items above 0.40) and convergent validity (eigenvalues of 1, loading of at least 0.40, items that load on posited constructs) (Straub et al., 2004). This provides evidence that among these Vietnamese adolescents, symptoms of depression, which in this case, were characterised by items showing a lack of positive affect and loss of interest or pleasure, may be similar to those among adults and the use of the DASS-21 may be able to detect these. Models with smaller BIC are also favoured than models with larger BIC [37]. However, this model also resulted in a poor fit relative to the other models. A total of 1,616/ 1,745 (92.6%) students returned a completed questionnaire. Data Availability: All data files are available on Figshare (doi to be provided upon acceptance of the paper). x�Y����0��Z�� -Q"�4)��d���(��� ��Q ... To what extent does convergent validity and discriminant validity exist for the motivation construct? Twenty adults with mental retardation and problem behaviors (aggression, self-injury, or property destruction) and 31 respondents participated. Students’ consent to participate was implied by their completion of the questionnaire. Some differences in degree of convergent validity across PA categories and moderator variables imply that different research conditions should be taken into account prior to … While improvements were seen in the chi-square statistic, the RMSEA and the AIC compared to the first model, overall there was still not a satisfactory fit. Using a gold standard validation method in which the scores from this instrument were compared with diagnostic interviews, Tran et al [22] found that the scale failed to differentiate depressed women from anxious ones and that exploratory factor analysis yielded only one “emotional state” factor, instead of the original three factors. �5 R,r |'�08)�s0T�}���r���A Citation: Le MTH, Tran TD, Holton S, Nguyen HT, Wolfe R, Fisher J (2017) Reliability, convergent validity and factor structure of the DASS-21 in a sample of Vietnamese adolescents. These correlations were used to assess the convergent validity of the DASS-21-V among this sample. These disorders may result in impaired capacity to study and work and even suicide among the sufferers if untreated [2]. A total of 1,606/ 1,745 (92.6%) students returned the questionnaire. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. These three factors were also allowed to correlate. Eighty six percent of the Vietnamese population belongs to the Kinh ethnic group [26]. One hundred and ninety-three individuals from St. John’s, Newfoundland, and Labrador, Canada completed the SLIQ an… Rory Wolfe, There are 21 items in this scale with four response options: 0 “Did not apply to me at all–Never”, 1 “Applied to me to some degree, or some of the time–Sometimes”, 2 “Applied to me to a considerable degree, or a good part of time–Often” to 3 “Applied to me very much, or most of the time–Almost always”. The study also extends knowledge on the reliability and convergent validity of the DASS-21-V among Vietnamese people. However, we were not able to conclude whether each item were similarly understood by girls and boys. It might have been that the shared component among these three factors may not be large enough to represent the variances among them and to be retrieved as a second-order factor. This research uses data from a larger study; the aims of which were to investigate exposure to poly-victimisation and its associations with health and wellbeing of adolescents in Vietnam. The Stress factor has the least number of significant items of only two (item 11 –agitated and item 12 –difficult to relax) with factor loadings of 0.38 and 0.36, respectively. Similar to previous publications which examined factor structures of the DASS-21 among adolescents [15–17] [18] [19], subsequent analyses were then performed on the sample as a whole. The DASS-21-V had adequate to very good internal consistency with Cronbach alphas of 0.906 for the overall scale, 0.835 for the Depression subscale, 0.737 for the Anxiety subscale and 0.761 for the Stress subscale. Modification indices were examined and we allowed for cross-loadings of items 9 and 13 on the DASS-21-S on the basis of substantial improvement of model fit for limited additional model complexity (3F-model 2). Similar problems were identified with the translation of item 18 (‘rather touchy’). JF is supported by a Monash Professorial Fellowship and the Jean Hailes Professorial Fellowship, which receives funding from the L and H Hecht Trust managed by Perpetual Trustees. The DASS-21 is reliable and suitable for use to assess symptoms of common mental health problems, especially depression and anxiety among Vietnamese adolescents. However, its ability in detecting stress among these adolescents may be limited. The results again show an unsatisfactory fit (Table 4). The factor loading of item 17 on the General Distress factor in this model was very low (4.2 x 10−5); this loading was then removed in the next model (3F-model 5). Models examined were based on the results from previous research about factor structures of the DASS-21 among adolescents [15,18,19,21,22,34]. METHODS: Repeated assessments were conducted in rehabilitation wards of a medical centre. Standardised scores, which allow comparison with the DASS, are presented in Table 3. In brief, the study was conducted during October, 2013—January, 2014 in Hanoi, Vietnam. 2017 Jul 19;12(7):e0180557. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. Ten domain scores can be calculated and range from 0 (poor) to 100 (excellent). A difference of more than 10 between BICs of two models is considered to show very strong evidence to favour the model with the smaller BIC [37]. These findings again replicated Szabo’s observation that the DASS-21 items used to assess “Tension/ Stress” among adults may not be adequate to enable assessment of this construct among adolescents or that adolescents’ emotional development may not have yet reached a state similar to that of adults [15]. It was only stated as “I felt that I was sensitive” and failed to convey the meaning of being “easily moved to anger” or “highly sensitive in temper or disposition” (Oxford dictionary). Other students were given instructions to complete the questionnaire. As the DASS and DASS-21 were developed in Australia, their application among adolescents who live in other countries, speak different languages and have different cultures and context, requires careful consideration. Since the score of the general health domain was calculated as the average of the physical, mental and social health domain scores, this finding is not surprising. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy: Vol. Convergent validity helps to establish construct validity when you use two different measurement procedures and research methods (e.g., participant observation and a survey) in your dissertation to collect data about a construct (e.g., anger, depression, motivation, task performance). It should be noted that these women were either pregnant or in the post-partum period. The model was considered to have good fit if the likelihood ratio p-value ≥ 0.05 [35], RMSEA ≤ 0.06 [15], CFI ≥ 0.90 [19] & SRMR ≤ 0.08 [36]. It is unexpected that when a second-order factor analysis (4F-model 10) was conducted, convergence was not reached. h�bbd```b``��@$S �d{fˀeO�I#0yL���,&`��`Iɨ"��I��w��{��}�����v10҄���_�#@� �E For the Anxiety factor, six item loadings were significant, except for item 9 (panic and make fool of self); ranging from 0.081 to 0.53. Number of factors of the DASS-21-V among girls and boys in a sample of 1,616 Vietnamese high school students. Based on the observation from the 3F-model 1, where factor loadings were high, but there were very strong correlations between the three factors, we decided to examine a four-factor solution (4F-model 7) which had also been tested in Szábo’s study [15]. Convergent validity of manual and automated AU coding To evaluate convergence between manual and automated coding of specific AUs, we focused in our correlation analyses for each AU only on those emotions for which it was a key ingredient and therefore should also show sufficient variation (i.e., correlations with grey background in Table 2 ). OBJECTIVE: This prospective study examined the convergent validity and responsiveness of the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions Health Questionnaire (EQ-5D) utility weights in stroke survivors at the subacute stage. The findings reveal that instead of comprising only three factors: Depression, Anxiety and Stress, the DASS-21 also reveals a common General Distress among adolescents in Vietnam. Yamato, TP, Maher, C, Koes, B & Moseley, A 2017, ' The PEDro scale had acceptably high convergent validity, construct validity, and interrater reliability in evaluating methodological quality of pharmaceutical trials ', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. One of the commonly-used scales for detection of mental health problems is the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale [4]. This study examined the convergent validity of the electronic Frailty Index (eFI) with the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). struct validity by presenting correlations between a measure of a construct and a number of other measures that should, theoreti-cally, be associated with it (convergent validity) or vary indepen-dently of it (discriminant validity). Cronbach alpha statistics were calculated for the overall scale and the three subscales to assess reliability in terms of internal consistency. We also tested a one-factor model (1F-model 9) as found by Tran et al [22] among rural Vietnamese women. The convergent validity of the structural diagnosis has been supported in studies that show that measures of the structural diagnosis from the structural interview are positively correlated with related constructs such as DSM personality disorders diagnoses, personality pathology, and use of primitive defence mechanisms, as assessed by a variety of methods, such as structured interviews, batteries of … The scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach α: 0.761 to 0.906). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. endstream endobj 744 0 obj <>/Metadata 80 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[763 0 R]>>/Pages 739 0 R/StructTreeRoot 120 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 745 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 746 0 obj <>stream PLoS ONE 12(7): endstream endobj startxref We express our sincere gratitude to funders of the project. The participants resided in the capital city of Vietnam, the economic and socio-demographic development of which may be more advanced than other regions and the emotional awareness and recognition of adolescents may be different from those living elsewhere. h�b```e``����� r�A�D��r,X��������� ��Z0�b�q��b�{�v�!���m�s��v �a�NvRݸPD�X�%t�BgN��6�h)A�^�iP� @Fc#��(�� ��H � �����\ Correlations between scores of the four factors (General Distress, Depression, Anxiety and Stress) retrieved from the 4F-model 7 and ten domain scores of the ADHP-V are presented in Table 6. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice Vol. Volume 64, Issue 3. Funding: This study was supported by a Monash International Postgraduate Research Scholarship and a Monash Graduate Scholarship from Monash University and a Scholarship for International Students from Graduate Women Victoria to ML. The three factors correlated strongly with each other: r = 0.70 for physiological arousal-lack of positive affect-correlation, 0.78 for physiological arousal-general distress-correlation and 0.91 for lack of positive affect-general distress correlation. We thus decided to test a two factor model, in which the physiological arousal factor remained unchanged and the other two factors were combined into one general distress factor [18] (2F-model 6). Reliability, convergent validity and factor structure of the DASS-21 in a sample of Vietnamese adolescents PLoS One. This is the extent to which different methods used to evaluate a construct display similar results. Overall, the results from this study provide evidence that the DASS-21-V is suitable for use as a screening tool for symptoms of common mental health problems, especially Depression and Anxiety among adolescents in Vietnam. Another model in which factor loadings and intercepts were constrained to be equal across groups produced similar results to the previous model. Analyses of convergent validity included partial Pearson correlations between scores obtained on the four CogState tests and the four traditional neuropsychological tests selected a priori as conceptual matches, controlled for any demographic or health characteristics that were different between the control and patient groups. Convergent validity of the DASS-21-V was assessed by comparing it to the Duke Health Profile Adolescent Vietnamese validated version (ADHP-V)—a health-related quality of life measure which has been validated among this population subgroup. Complete responses for the DASS-21-V were available for 1,387 students (85.8%) and the analysis was restricted to these individuals. Future research examining similarities or differences in terms of factor loadings and intercepts of the DASS-21-V between the two sexes is thus needed. The author also found that this 4-factor-model provided the best fit to their data compared to other models [15]. 16(1) 2016 39. There are some limitations in this study, which should be considered in interpreting the results. Convergent validity of two motor skill tests used to assess school-age children. The Duke Health Profile (DHP) is a 17-item measure for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [30]. It has been shown to be reliable and valid with a three-factor structure [7,8]. S1 File. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. There are also other methods to test Compared to the results from Tran et al’s study [22], the findings in this study also differ. Lifestyle issues including physical activity, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, and self-reported stress have all been shown to predispose people to higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Changes to the questionnaire might have improved the convergent validity observed in this study. This study tested the convergent validity of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐III (MCMI‐III) clinical syndrome scales. Sara Holton, The use of the DASS-21 among adolescents in Vietnam has been limited to one study [23]; to date there has been no research examining its factor structure and convergent validity among adolescents. Assessing the factor structure of the DASS-21 among Malaysian adolescents aged 13–14 years, Hashim et al [21] found similar results to Patrick et al’s Australian study [17] which supported a one-Negative-Affect-factor solution. Researchers are encouraged … The use of subscale scores of Depression and Anxiety among them is also acceptable. Overall, all item loadings on the GD factor were significant and high, ranging from 0.32 to 0.73. The reliability and validity of both the DASS and the DASS-21 have been replicated among clinical [7,8], as well as non-clinical adult samples [6,9–11]. 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The Initial smaller AIC are said to have high internal consistency ( Cronbach α 0.761. Validity ( or divergent validity ) tests that constructs that should have no relationship do, fact. Acceptable reproducibility and confirmed construct validity [ 32 ] to 3F-model 3, but of! ; 12 ( difficult to relax ) the sufferers if untreated [ 2 ] of validity! Tested models with smaller AIC are said to have better fit than models with larger BIC [ 37 ] General! Self-Completed questionnaire was conducted during October, 2013—January, 2014 as high, from. ( Cronbach α: 0.761 to 0.906 ) Duke health Profile ( DHP is... Those living in remote areas research, v. 10, p. 184-190, 1973 program were used measure! An early intervention program were used to measure Frailty e for the overall convergent of!